Friday, December 27, 2019

Gender Inequality in America Essay - 1466 Words

Gender inequality has engulfed the United States and placed copious varying roles onto the male and female sexes. According to Leila Aboulela, Minaret, â€Å"All through life there were distinctions - toilets for men, toilets for women; clothes for men, clothes for women - then, at the end, the graves are identical.† Discrimination places women into different roles and takes away numerous privileges. However in America today after more than a century of struggles by dedicated activists who fought to alter these ideals and gain further rights, the perception of women in society and their contributions to society have been greatly transformed. The feminism activists began their journey in 1848 when they concocted their own form of the†¦show more content†¦It gave them a taste of what was out in the world and got them to think of themselves as workers instead of just homebodies. At first they were hesitant because it was a new domain, but once they grew accustomed to this new role they weren’t about to evacuate and instead embraced their new power with Rosie the Riveter, the new face of activism. Rosie stood for everything these women fought for and was a symbol of hope and persistence. Her famous words echoed through the streets of the United States, â€Å"We Can Do It!† Some of the more daring women wanted to help even more, so they enlisted to go fight alongside the men of their country. These brave women were now soldiers and proved that they could enter dangerous situations and do the job right. For the women of this time there was no going back to the docile housewife of the past. From this poin t on they were looking for a future outside of the house. Then, in 1945 the war drew to a close and men who had been away began to file home. They were anticipating returning to their old jobs that women had occupied when they were away, however women were resisting to leave. In 1963 there was the second wave of the women’s movement when Betty Friedan published her book The Feminine Mystique, which sole purpose was to point out the, â€Å"problem that has no name† (understanding feminism by peta Bowden). The context of the book described that women were being forced to live under their trueShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality, Functionalism and Symbolic Interactionism868 Words   |  4 PagesGender inequality refers to the inequality between men and women, or the unequal treatment or perception of a person based on his or her gender. Gender inequality is almost always prominent towards a female rather than towards a male. Women are seen as inferior to men in every country in the world. This form of society is called patriarchal and is one of this biggest issues in American society today. Patriarchy means that the country has a primarily male dominated society. Does anyone realizeRead MoreSocial Inequality Is An Important Issue In Todayâ⠂¬â„¢S Society.1595 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Social inequality is an important issue in today’s society. Today, people face many inequalities based on their gender, race, religion, and disability status, yet there are many different ideologies and ongoing debate about social inequality. There are three perspectives concerning the issue of inequality in America. This paper will analyze an article about social inequality, â€Å"Gender, Race, and Income Gaps† by Richard Hogan and Carolyn Perrucci, and how it applies to the viewpoints concerningRead MoreGender Equality719 Words   |  3 Pages What is gender equality inequality? An easy question to answer really. Gender equality means that both men women have the same opportunities rights, but gender inequality is different. Gender inequality is when men women don’t have the same opportunities or rights. Back in Ancient Egypt/Greek 1960s society, there was gender inequality. Ancient Egypt Greek society, women were just seen as object, made to be slaves. They were only used for cooking, cleaning, farming, etc. In the 1960sRead MoreProblems Faced By People Right, And Do The Right Thing Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesin America â€Å"Treat people right, and do the right thing,† is something I have been taught as a young child. Being clueless child that I was, I had no idea what was going on in America and the problems we had to deal with. I thought America was this perfect place, when in reality, it’s not. People don’t treat each other with respect, nor do they do what is morally right. The United States is trying to make our country a better place, but it’s taking time for all the changes to happen. America is facingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Black Community Labeling Who Is More Oppressed Than Whom1723 Words   |  7 PagesCollins argues that it is dangerous to engage in a comparison of ranking oppression because it shapes competition for attention, resources and theoretical supremacy. According to Collins, race, class and gender are â€Å"interlocking categories of analysis that together cultivate profound differences in our personal biographies.† By using the three l evels of oppression, provided as interlocking categories, it helps explain how to combat the notion of who is more oppressed than whom. The reason itRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The American Ideal 964 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic inequality has surged into a greater issue over the past several years. Gender inequality is something that has began to reduce in the US ever since the 1900s. Even though big changes have been made, gender inequality stills exists in the workplace due to many reasons. Furthermore, ever since colonial times, racism has been a prodigious problem in the United States . Examples of racial inequality includes poverty and education, as a result, racial inequality has become an obstacle America hasRead MoreA Peoples History of the United States, by Howard Zinn1497 Words   |  6 PagesZinn in his book â€Å"A People’s History of the United States,’’ handles various issues. Though the graphic novel adaptation does not cover all the details of the history of America, the author provides us with a critical view of the history of America where its leaders carry out actio ns independently and not for the benefit of the whole population. It also provides us with examples of atrocities that the American army committed around the world and the country’s commitment to democracy that led it toRead MoreSocial Inequality : The Land Of The Free, And The American Dream979 Words   |  4 PagesWhen one hears America several things come to mind such as the land of opportunity, the land of the free, and the American Dream. However, these ideas are sadly denatured by social hierarchies and inequality. Social inequality comes in many forms. It is a social construct that many people do not see affecting their daily lives, let alone the American society as a whole. According to The Sociology Project 2.0, a social construct is An invented social phenomenon (for example a belief, discourseRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women1529 Words   |  7 Pagesfamilies. One would think that now in the year 2014, the inequality and inequity between men and women would be a thing of the past; something we would be learning about only in history. However, in today’s society, the inequality between the sexes continues. Currently those differences exist in areas like America’s pay scale and also in hiring practices. It was theorist Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) who introduced this idea of gender inequality. She was well ahead of her time in recording her theoryRead MoreGender Inequality Of The United States1363 Words   |  6 Pagesto be underpaid, so there’s really no point,† Daniel recalled (â€Å"Career and Workplace† 4). A future law graduate was told to throw away her dreams in regards to gender inequality. A girl named Reshma Daniel had to give up what she loved most because of a situation regarding both her race and gender. Reshma Daniel’s parents moved to America from India with just a couple dollars. Her parents wanted their children to live the American life. For Daniel, that simply meant law school. While at Nova in Southeastern

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Clifford Geertz - Interpretive Anthropology - 2636 Words

Social Anthropology Essay. How would you summarize Clifford Geertz’s contribution to the field of anthropology? Clifford Geertz I have chosen this essay on Geertz, as the information I received in class I found interesting and wanted to elaborate on the knowledge I already had. In this essay, I will be discussing Geertz’s contributions to anthropology, and what I have interpreted these contributions as myself. When looking at Geertz’s ideas and theories in Anthropology, some of these ideas and theories will include his theories on the web of relations and symbolism. Geertz also took the idea of theory and came up with new ideas to develop it further. What Geertz was trying to do by looking at symbolism was trying to break down the†¦show more content†¦The term ‘semiotic’ refers to the idea of culture and the understanding of it, through the decoding of signs and symbols. â€Å"Believing with Max Weber, that man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun, I take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of law but an interpretive one in search of meaning. It is explication I am after, construing social expressions on their surface enigmatical. (Geertz 1973p. 5).† This concept of culture being semiotic, as Geertz believed, I interpret it as he maintained that symbolism brought meaning and order to people’s lives. Geertz draws on other disciplined sciences like history, philosophy, psychology and literary criticism in order to assess and decode the meanings behind things such as art, institutions, values and beliefs and other symbols as he believes them to be. The interpreting of these signs and symbols for the ethnographer must be based on ‘thick description’ or else all the possible meanings will not be clear. We can also understand Geertz’s idea behind culture more within this as he believes that if the ethnographers can have a better understanding using thick description for these symbols, then different cultures will have an increased understanding of each other. Geertz was interested in making a distinction between thin and thick description.Show MoreRelatedSymbolic And Interpretive Anthropology Of The 1960 s And 1970890 Words   |  4 Pagesfield of symbolic and interpretive anthropology. Symbolic and Interpretive anthropology studies the way people understand their surroundings, actions and utterance of other members of their society through the examinations of symbols. These symbols can be displayed through processes of myth and ritual and reveal how humans/social groups assign meanings to these symbols in order to address fundamental questions about human social life. Symbolic and interpretative anthropology can be divided into twoRead MoreAnthropologists Should Put More Emphasis On Individual Differences And Meanings That Are Not Shared1257 Words   |  6 Pagesinherent uniqueness of the individuals who compose a culture and no science that claims to â€Å"study culture† could be considered a true science if it ignored the buil ding blocks of the subject it is studying. Clifford Geertz shares his views on culture in his essay, â€Å"Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture† (1973), – he views culture in a sort of public act in which people express themselves using various signs and symbols which have suggested cultural meaning – far from an abstract psychologicalRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The Human Mind And Science, History, And Literature1486 Words   |  6 Pages Variations in Symbolic Anthropology After centuries of continuous and unresolved (though not fruitless) debate by many great theorists on how the scientific method should be applied to anthropology, a method was formulated that promised to finally put the debate to rest: just don’t apply them at all. Symbolic Anthropologists advocated the use of â€Å"a variety of tools from psychology, history, and literature† to conduct their anthropology (McGee and Warms 2004:525). The work of Sapir and WhorfRead MoreThe Reason Why La Tomatina893 Words   |  4 Pagesqualifications. Spain is the only country who has proven itself to stand out in the festival of tomatoes. The three theories are symbolic, interpretive and functionalist that use in this research to discuss how anthropologists study the culture. Symbolic theory explains society and social structure through an examination of the micro level of people as individuals. Clifford Geertz is one of the anthropologist that study symbolic in culture because he defines the culture as a patterning of behavior and worldRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Cultures By Clifford Geertz1713 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Interpretation of Cultures, Clifford Geertz neatly collects many of the essays written throughout his academic career. From field research in Indonesia and Morocco to highly theoretical pieces, Geertz contributed a massive amount of work to the study of anthropology, including a new definition of religion, which has been subjected to much admiration and scrutiny. In this essay, I will be discussing some of Geertz’s terminology, cockfighting’s relationship with religion, Asadâ₠¬â„¢s enlighteningRead MoreAnthropology Of Human Culture And Society1745 Words   |  7 PagesAnthropology, as the study of human culture and society, began with the earliest speculation of the humankind. It developed and prospered along with people’s understanding of the world, as the earliest scholars relied on their intelligence and cognition to explain social phenomena. Through the use of rigorous scientific methods and inductive reasoning, they began to propose theories that might explain their findings conceptually and collectively. Among such was the evolutionist theory implicatedRead MoreReligion As A Cultural System1033 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the mid-twentieth century, began to be influenced by ethnographers who went beyond library collections (pg.30, 2015). Clifford J. Geertz, examines the meaning of religious symbols and studies religion in complex, literate societies (pg.31 2015). Geertz more so viewed religion as a cultural system, and his role was to make sense of cultural systems through an interpretive/symbolic approach to religion (pg.31, 2015). His definition for religion through an emic perspective is â€Å" (1) a system whichRead MoreEvolution Of Language And The Brain1447 Words   |  6 PagesGraduate School of Education from 1977-1978 in Philosophy and Cognitive Development. Ultimately pursuing a Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology from 1978-1984. Later he joined the Harvard faculty as an assistant professor of biological anthropology, he was promoted to an associate professor. In 1992 became an associate professor of biological anthropology at Boston University and he was an associate at McLean Hospital and the Harvard Medical School. Deacon’s special interests include bio-culturalRead MoreAn Article On Making Strange Exercise2635 Words   |  11 Pagesanyone who visits the house may suffer from smelly odour. Apart from these problems, it is still a house that is worth to purchase or rent. â€Æ' Why do ethnographic research? â€Å"What does the ethnographer do? ... He observes, he records, he analyzes† (Geertz, 1973, pp.19-20). This explanation shows the significance of observation in ethnographic research. Through close observing, researchers may learn to find their feet with the researched. Also, being an insider, ethnographers have a chance to investigateRead MoreMetropolis And Mental Life By Georg Simmel2554 Words   |  11 Pageshealthy workings of the university, church, scientific community, and other social organizations might be at odds with claims of collectivity as manifest in politics. (Boyd) Clifford Geertz his known for his writing â€Å"Thick Description: Toward and Interpretive Theory of Culture.† His work consists of mainly social anthropology. This type of work is based on ethnography, or the study of culture. For this purpose, culture is defined as symbols that guide community behavior. These symbols gain meaning

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Marketing Issues and Commercial Players †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Issues and Commercial Players. Answer: Introduction Workforce is drawing in and holding the ideal individuals, with the correct aptitudes and abilities, to meet present and future business prerequisites. It likewise implies having a high state of engagement and inspiration among workers, with the goal that they can convey on the guarantees businesses convey to clients. Workforce is a key need for employees any company is possessing and the procedure followed to maintain workforce is: Attract and hold the perfect individuals. Assess and grow human capital. Build a strong, connected with and high performing workforce. Maintain work/life adjust Evaluating and rising human workforce implies that investing in talented employee will ensure in an organization success and growth in long term. It's about evolving workers to stretch their full latent so which help in becoming future leaders. This can be done by paying them equilibrium wages to efficient employees of the organization. Literature review While the economic theory of wage theory explains that pay level in any company should be determined according to the supply and demand of employees. The actual pay can differ significantly from one organization to another. In detail, it can be said that an employee will not leave the organization if he is pad the wage level above the market level (Polivka, Cohany Hipple, 2010). Moreover, he will work harder if he is paid according to his work performance at the higher rate. It also implies that paying efficiency wages will serve to a company as the bonus because company need not hire new employees for the position. This is the principle reason of company paying higher than market rate to its employee to retain its efficient employees. Much of the time, employees don't reach on another activity knowing that they should have skills and capability to think about that particular designation included how to function successfully inside the association and any more. According to Jacobs Hawley, (2009) along these lines, firms invest a considerable amount of energy and money getting new representatives up to speed with the goal that they can be completely beneficial at their employment. Moreover, firms spend a great amount of budget in hiring and selecting new employees. According to Weiss, (2014) lower turnover leads to decrease in the expenses related to selecting, employing, and training, so it can be advantageous for an organization to offer incentives which will indirectly diminish turnover. Paying employees more than the equilibrium pay for their work performance implies that it is more troublesome for employees to discover proportional pay if they plan to leave their current organization (Mortensen, 2010). This combined with the way that it's additionally less appealing to leave the present co-workers or switch organization when compensation is higher, implying that higher than equilibrium compensation give employees an incentive to remain with the organization that is offering them better financial support. Increase in Employee Health The hypothesis says that salary higher than equilibrium raises employees health and subsequently their efficiency. According to Burdett, Carrillo?Tudela Coles, (2011) the logic behind this is a higher pay enables workers to care more for themselves such as nourishment, rest, feelings of anxiety, and many more factors. This builds their personal satisfaction and results in better complete health. Businesses profits by a rise in the health of employee on the basis that sound workers are more beneficial than employees who are fragile (Grossbard, 2015). Also, they are lesser chances of them for going on sick leave and their human services costs are also lower. Moreover, in developed economies, this hypothesis is giving less preference, in light of the fact that most employers pay enough to help a sound way of life even on the equilibrium level. And it is fact that in developing economies many individuals still fight to make a fit living even they are employed full time. As per the Efficiency Wage Theory firms can work all the more effectively and turn out to be more profitable if they pay compensation over the equilibrium level. According to Ransom Oaxaca, (2010) there are four distinct hypotheses that figures out how firms can profit by paying higher compensation: higher employee determination, lower worker turnover, appealing experienced employees, and more healthy employees. The first hypothesis proposes that employees who are paid over the equilibrium level will invest more efficiency than employees who are paid lower salary or at an equilibrium level. The second hypothesis expresses that a salary over the balance level lessens unreasonable worker turnover (Mitman Rabinovich, 2011). The third concept proposes that higher wages draw in more talented and higher quality representatives. And the last hypothesis recommends that wages over the equilibrium level raises the workers health and accordingly their efficiency. Greater than equilibrium pay will surely bring about the higher efficiency of the employees that an organization contracts. Higher employees quality comes by means of two pathways, firstly through higher wages raises the general quality and capacity level of candidates for the activity and helps in winning the trust of most capable employees away from competitors. (Higher wages raise quality under the assumption that better quality employees have better outside circumstances that they choose.) The last piece of the efficiency-wage theory is that workers exert more effort (and are hence more productive) when they are paid a higher wage. Again, this effect is realized in two different ways: first, if a worker has an unusually good deal with her current employer, then the downside of getting fired is larger than it would be if the worker could just pack up and get a roughly equivalent job somewhere else. According to Gal Monacelli, 2016) If the downside of getting fired if more severe, a rational worker will work harder to ensure that she doesn't get fired. Second, there are psychological reasons why a higher wage might induce effort since people tend to prefer working hard for people and organizations that acknowledge their worth and respond in kind. Efficiency wage theory will help in providing a united description of some of the labour market rate of wages and employment trend of companies. According to Hatfield, et al., (2013) moreover, according to the efficiency wage hypothesis, higher income taxation can help in reducing the advance tax pay inequality. The companies in the market can be benefitted by lowering the discrimination in pay to employees. This can also help in reducing taxation strategies used by employees to save salary. The theory application in a company will also need less labour regulation calls, as the company is paying already above the equilibrium level of the market. This can be beneficial for the company to save the talented employees before they are transferred to competitors (De Paula Scheinkman, 2011). The method which can be helpful for a company to determine efficiency wages is collective bargaining through which employees engagement is done and higher pay rate is decided by mutual consent. Weakness of efficiency wage theory It is hard to locate some of the key defects in efficiency wage theory, as they affect the pay level of the company completely and that too sometimes without the consent of all stakeholders whose wages will be changes due to efficiency wage theory. The efficiency wage hypothesis also calls for complementing other theoretical concepts like demand and supply, wage rate and many more but most of the time the application of other concepts is not properly linked to the efficiency wage pay level. This inefficiency leads to discrimination and dissatisfaction amongst employees. Moreover, the relation and connection between the collective bargaining, employee market, and efficiency wage are not properly explored to implement the correct benefit to employees. The one more disadvantage of efficiency wage concept is that the pay level in the open market sometimes does not reflect the real cost of production (Vergari, Tibuzzi Basile, 2010). The production cost is sometimes altered to implement the efficiency wage theory creating discrimination or unequal wage for employees. This concept also calls for unwarranted difference in income leading to inequality in organization of same qualification employees getting entirely different pay. If in Frost food Beverage Pte ltd six employees are working jointly as a team to manufacture hamburgers. And on the off chance, the price of hamburgers sells @$1.00 for one piece. There present an X employee who is making 8 hamburgers, Y employee making 10, Z worker thats adding 12, B worker thats making 14, and their most productive worker, making 16 hamburgers and as a team, they are producing on an average 12 hamburgers every hour. The hamburger cafe executive observes his team and concludes that five workers are delivering $60 which is beneficial to the company. So some of the employees will be satisfied with this pay, but there is present dissatisfied employee B producing the highest number of units. According to Haefke, Sonntag Van Rens, 2013) employee will leave and shift to another firm if he will be paid in competitor firm at the rate of $14 per hour and the employer of Frost food Beverage Pte will be losing production of 16 hamburgers per day. Moreover, when that talente d employee leaves the organization the average productivity of the company will also fall. It will be possible that company will be able to produce 11 hamburgers only at the place of 12 hamburgers, so the Frost food Beverage Pte should try to keep the efficient and talented employee to maintain the productivity as well. That is the reason Frost food Beverage Pte ltd should intentionally pay a higher wage so as to pull in the more gainful specialists (Hesketh, Lu Xing, 2011). At that point what the organization would do is put some exertion in screening the specialists endeavouring to get at their private data, making sense of who can deliver a great deal of cheeseburgers, and who can create a couple on the grounds that at the high wage, company will be able to draw in a considerable measure of employees (Bhasin, 2010).). The Frost food Beverage Pte should start to screen and select, with the goal that it can keep these higher specialists at the higher wage, and discover some method for recognizing the low-profitability employees and not contract them by any means. Be that as it may, the company must pay a high wage, a wage above market harmony, on the off chance that it needs to pull in the absolute best employees. That is the thought behind an effectiveness wage. Another case is JPMorgan Chase Co Inc which will raise the minimum wage for numerous employees in U.S. over three years, a decision which was taken due to equilibrium theory and political pressure of some states. It was taken to retain the highest efficient and talented employee in the organization. The salary increase was in U.S from current pay of $10.15 to an equilibrium wage of ranging $12-$16, according to the efficiency and output provided by employees (Visser, 2013). The move was taken to turnover of the talented employee at speedy rate due to low pay level in the organization. So JP Morgan took a step to pay equilibrium pay to experienced and talented employees. The equilibrium wage trend is going up and definitively in densely populated states and cities. This is going mainly in areas where JP Morgan has a large number of employees. This equilibrium wage payment satisfies the need of talented and efficient employees. The reason behind high turnover of employees is pay only, which can be resolved by JP Morgan easily by compensating employees with a superior pay level than competitors. This has shown that nominal income has been increasing by high numbers as compared to labour productivity change. In other words, wages or income paid to employees are increasing throughout the time but in several companies productivity is changing in positive direction by very low amount. Recommendation: In spite of the fact that expanding employee efficiency by increasing wage rates has been in presence in some frame or another since the most recent century. It has been the conflict of that the equilibrium wage does not change in accordance with disequilibrium conditions in the work market, and that this is the best technique for achieving employee market equilibrium not through changes in real wage rate but through statist machinations planned to enhance goodwill in the market. The presence of efficiency wage theory also suggests that the labour market won't be stable at time and will need additional market powers in the economy. Conclusion: The theory of efficiency wage define that worker productivity is having positive connection with the salary paid to employee. The equilibrium wage pay level not all times gives best results as observed from above report. The outcomes sometimes after applying the theory is reversed as employee become lazy and irresponsible towards his work, making organization to face opposite circumstances. In last the cases of Frost food Beverage Pte and JP Morgan is explained showing how the model is implemented. References: Bhasin, M. (2010). Corporate governance in the Asian countries.African Journal of Business Management,4(10), 196-198. Burdett, K., Carrillo?Tudela, C., Coles, M. G. (2011). Human capital accumulation and labor market equilibrium.International Economic Review,52(3), 657-677. De Paula, A., Scheinkman, J. A. (2011). The informal sector: An equilibrium model and some empirical evidence from Brazil.Review of Income and Wealth,57(s1). Efficiency wages, 2017, retrieved on 03rd November, 2017, from https://www.google.co.in/search?q=economic+theory+of+wagesource=lnmstbm=ischsa=Xved=0ahUKEwik4rGPyqHXAhUbSo8KHbCfAfoQ_AUICygCbiw=1366bih=613#imgdii=UrKs9ppmb_8K3M:imgrc=Z6zQc9Zxj2HvzM: Gal, J., Monacelli, T. (2016).Understanding the gains from wage flexibility: the exchange rate connection(No. w22489). National Bureau of Economic Research. Grossbard, S. (2015). A theory of allocation of time in markets for labor and marriage: Macromodel. InThe marriage motive: A price theory of marriage(pp. 21-32). Springer New York. Haefke, C., Sonntag, M., Van Rens, T. (2013). Wage rigidity and job creation.Journal of monetary economics,60(8), 887-899. Hatfield, J. W., Kominers, S. D., Nichifor, A., Ostrovsky, M., Westkamp, A. (2013). Stability and competitive equilibrium in trading networks.Journal of Political Economy,121(5), 966-1005. Hesketh, T., Lu, L., Xing, Z. W. (2011). The consequences of son preference and sex-selective abortion in China and other Asian countries.Canadian Medical Association Journal,183(12), 1374-1377. Jacobs, R. L., Hawley, J. D. (2009). The emergence of workforce development: Definition, conceptual boundaries and implications.International handbook of education for the changing world of work, 2537-2552. Mitman, K., Rabinovich, S. (2011). Pro-cyclical unemployment benefits? Optimal policy in an equilibrium business cycle model. Mortensen, D. T. (2010). Wage Dispersion in the Search and Matching Model.The American Economic Review,100(2), 338-342. Polivka, A. E., Cohany, S. R., Hipple, S. (2010). Definition, composition, and economic consequences of the nonstandard workforce.Nonstandard work: The nature and challenges of changing employment arrangements, 41-94. Ransom, M. R., Oaxaca, R. L. (2010). New market power models and sex differences in pay.Journal of Labor Economics,28(2), 267-289. Singapore department, 2017, retrieved on 03rd November, 2017, from https://static.straitstimes.com.sg/sites/default/files/st_20160424_ycwage24a_2240173-page-001.jpg Vergari, F., Tibuzzi, A., Basile, G. (2010). An overview of the functional food market: from marketing issues and commercial players to future demand from life in space.Bio-Farms for Nutraceuticals, 308-321. Visser, J. (2013).Wage Bargaining Institutionsfrom crisis to crisis(No. 488). Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission. Weiss, A. (2014).Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

World Literature-Romanticism Essay Example

World Literature-Romanticism Essay Explain how these two writers seek to bring us in touch with our true human nature by experiencing our natural environment. Identify the patterns of description and imagery that reveal each poet’s sense of nature, and explain what each poet shows us we gain from being close to nature and natural feelings. Does either poet sense anything negative or dangerous about nature and â€Å"being natural†?For the English Romantic poets of the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth centuries, Nature provided not only the them, but the psychological and spiritual inspiration for many of their most profound and enduring works. Two key poets of the Romantic movement, William Blake and Samuel Taylor Coleridge provide a rich example of how Romantic poets perceived a duality in nature, one which consisted of the ideal and also of the lost or fallen ideal. Although William Blake was not, technically, a part of the Romantic movement and preceded the Romantic movement by a few years, his poe try exemplifies many of the attributes which are associated with English Romanticism, foremost among them, his visionary experience of nature and his attempt to articulate this vision through poetry which referred to nature in symbolic terms.Blakes poems present a simplistic surface; they are often short poems with readily identifiable subjects: flowers, animals, city-scapes or landscapes. The poems usually rely upon a sing-song rhythm and upon a repetition of imagery. A good illustration of this technique is Blakes poem The Ecchoing Green which presents a seemingly ideal bucolic surface and shows very little overt tension: The Sun does arise,/ And make happy the skies./The merry bells ring,/To welcome the Spring. (Blake) and within these opening lines there is only   the faintest hint that ideal nature contains potential peril or negativity. The hint lies within the words does and make which imply that Divine force must be present in order to create paradisal reality. In other wo rds, the inference by suggestion here is that without the sun, there would be no nature at all. This seemingly obvious and simple fact means little in logical or scientific terms, but when the poem is read symbolically, the connotations are clear.The poems closing lines clarify Blakes symbolic intent even more fully, remembering that the sun in this poem stands as a symbol for Divine power:No more can be merryThe sun does descend,And our sports have an end:Round the laps of their mothers,Many sisters and brothers,Like birds in their nest,Are ready for rest:And sport no more seen,On the darkening Green.(Blake)Without the presence of the sun, the Green becomes dark and foreboding. Though Blakes poem presents a simple, child-like surface, its symbolic connotations do, indeed, stipulate a duality in nature and that duality is dependent upon a Divine (sun) power in order to create an ideal.This aspect of symbolism in nature is pronounced even moreso in Blakes poem The Tyger. In this poem , Blake imagines the duality of nature personified in the symbol of a tiger: Blakes symbolism is directly related to his imaginative development, and the very nature of his poetry is the conflict of symbol with symbol, and the dramatic qualification of the symbolism as we shift from Innocence to Experience; (Gardner 10) this means that, for Blake, nature is not only good but contains the latency of evil or destructiveness in it as well.Instead of positing the sun as a symbol for absolute, Divine power, in thsi poem, Blake imagines the force of the sun as fire as a more ambivalent reality, a portent of natures ambiguity and latent danger: In what distant deeps or skies/Burnt the fire of thine eyes?/On what wings dare he aspire?/What the hand dare sieze the fire? (Blake). The lines are interrogative   rather than affirmative. Nature, as the tyger, is viewed as a puzzle, a fearsome unknown.  Ã‚   However, Blakes complex symbolism allows for the tyger to also symbolize natures essen tial goodness and ideal aspects: the symbolism of night implicit in The tyger is itself used to express the triumph of Innocence over Experience (Gardner 129) and the poems deep resonance relies upon the reconciliation of the lamb as a symbol of innocence and the tyger as a symbol of experience. Throughout all of these aspects, nature is viewed as a unifying force, one which contains but does not obliterate good or evil.Like Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge saw a duality in nature, but he also recognized the innate capacity for natural symbols to represent the human psyche and the human imagination. For Coleridge, as for Blake, the human soul and nature were one. This means that the ideal projection of nature is an ideal projection of the human soul in the poetry of a romantic poet, but so also is the projection of the human capacity for destruction, waste, and ignorance what might be loosely termed as evil or the fallen ideal. Coleridges famous poem Kubla Kahn deals with this dich otomy in nature and in the human psyche. Like Blake, Coleridge relies on symbolism; however, Coleridges symbolism is much more elusive and complex than Blakes and verges on what many consider to be hermeticism, or a type of poetic secrecy. Because Kubla Kahn is widely regarded by critics as a fragment, that is an unfinished poem, it symbolically represents nature in both form and symbolism, particularly with the preservation of essential mystery.The poem concerns a vision that the poet had while in a dream. The poems vision is inspired by nature and, in aft, posits the dual aspects of nature: ideal and perverse as represented by the domes in the poem. The contrast in visions is Coleridges division of his experiences of nature: The vision of Xanadu (1-36) consists of an antithesis and a third term. Kublas garden, described in a lofty, commanding, but matter-of-fact tone, is landscaped according to geometrical principles abstracted from the natural phenomena which are their ultimate s ource. Kubla imposes his forms (dome, rills, towers, walls: parabola, curve, cylinder, rectangle) upon naturally occurring materials whose own properties are thereby modified, appropriated, or eliminated: (Levinson 105)   in other words, one aspect of the poem is to show the disjointed idealism, the perversion of reality which takes place when man (represented by Kubla Kahn) attempts to impose his will or vision nature. The ideal aspects of nature flourish within harmony and imagination: The gardens physical beauty and its carefully constructed harmonies conceal the violence of its underlying naturalwe might say, libidinalenergies. Kublas empire, a product of will and reason, is fanciful rather than organic, its internal necessity an artifact, its beauty an anti-truth. (Levinson 105)The symbolism employed by Blake and Coleridge allowed these poets to represent a complex and nuanced vision of nature, one which contained not only their ideal projections and visions, but their appreh ension of a fallen ideal, of the experrience which harms nature wand allows man to fall out of balance. For both poets, it is the frightening and inspiring aspects of nature which drive poetry andWorks CitedGardner, Stanley. Infinity on the Anvil: A Critical Study of Blakes Poetry. Oxford: Basil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blackwell, 1954.Levinson, Marjorie. The Romantic Fragment Poem: A Critique of a Form. Chapel Hill, NC:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University of North Carolina Press, 1986.